IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photogiciphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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CiHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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Collection  de 
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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


7ne  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Festurt^s  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  rostaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


n 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrr  e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
disiorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Comment    res  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


T 
t( 


n 


v/ 


D 
Q 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  decoior^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


7 


26X 


SOX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

6tails 
IS  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


Th«  copy  filmsd  hare  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Medical  Library 
McGill  University 
Montreal 

Tha  Imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  conaidarjng  tha  condition  and  iagibillty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  eopiaa  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  Impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  eopiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  ending  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appiiea. 

Maps,  plataa,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  tha 
method: 


L'exemplaira  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gin^rosit*  de: 

Medical  Library 
McGill  University 
Montreal 

Lea  imagea  suivantaa  ont  it*  raproduitea  avac  la 
plua  grand  soin.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'exemplaira  filma.  at  9n 
conformity  avac  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Lea  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couverture  an 
papier  eat  imprimte  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impraaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Tous  lea  autrea  axempiairas 
originaux  sont  fiimte  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  symbolaa  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
demiira  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
caa:  la  symboie  •-*>signifie  'A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbola  V  signifia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartaa.  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  d  dea  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsqua  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  an  un  saul  clichA.  il  eat  filmi  ^  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  h  droite, 
et  do  haut  en  baa.  an  pranant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAceasaira.  Lea  diagrammes  suivants 
illuatrant  la  m^thoda. 


errata 
to 


pelure, 
n  A 


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2 

3 

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REPORT  ON  SOME 

Anatomical    Variations 

FOR    1882. 
BY 

FRANCIS  J.    SIIEI'IIERD,    M.  D., 

OF  MONTREAL,  CANADA. 


REPRINT. 


UROOKLYN,  N.Y. 

Annals  of  Anatomy  and  Surgeky, 

No.  4  Monrne  Street. 

1882. 


,  4 


n 


ON   SOME   ANATOMICAL  VARIATIONS. 
Bv  FRANCIS  J.  SHEPHERD,  M.D.,  CM.,  M.R.C.S.,  Eng., 

OF   MOWTREAL,    CANADA, 

DEMONSTRATOR    OF  ANATOMY  IN  MC  GILL    UNIVERSITY  ;     SURGKON   TO   THE 
OUT-DOOR   DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  MONTREAL  GENERAL   HOSPITAL. 


'T^HE   following  variations  were   among   the   most   im- 
A       portant  observed  in  the  dissecting  room  of  McGill 
University  during  the  last  Winter  session  (i88i-'82): 

SYMMETRICAL  DEPRESSIONS   IN  THE   PARIETAL  BONES. 

The  skull-cap  of  an  old  woman,  aged  about  seventy  (70), 
presented  a   most   remarkable   appearance.     In   each   pari' 
etal    bone,    i    cm.    from     the     sagittal     suture,    was    an 
oblong,  ovoid,  smooth  depression,  measuring  on  the  right 
side  7  cm.  in  length  by  5   cm.  in  jvidth,  and  on  the  left 
8  cm.  in  length  by  5.5  cm.  in  width.     These   depressions 
were  i  cm.  in  depth,  and,  as  they  approached  the  coronal 
suture,   they   increased    their   distance   from    the    sagittal. 
They   terminated   anteriorly  3  cm.    from   the   line   of   the 
coronal  suture.     The  deficiency  of  bone  was  evidently  at 
the  expense  of  the  outer  and  middle  tables,  for  the  inner 
surface  of  the  skull-cap  was  perfectly  sijiooth.     The  bone 
at  the  bottom  of  the  depressions  was  quite  transparent,  and 
only  of  the  thickness  of  parchment.     In   addition  to  the 
above  described  depressions,  others  were  seen  in  the  course 
of  the  lambdoidal  sutures  on  each  side  of  the  occipital  pro- 
tuberance ;  these  were  similar  in  character  to  the  parietal 
ones,  and  the  bone  was  of  the  same  thinness.    The  one  on  the 


Oa^'^erTlVr  "'  ^""''''  "^  ''""'"'''^  -^  '^'^^^^O^'  Vol.    vi.,   No.   4. 


'i 


2  FRANCIS  J.   SIIEPHEHD. 

right  side  was  more  marked,  and  measured  5  cm.  in  length 
by  1.5  cm.  in  breadth.     The  subject  was  a  very  old  woman 
whose  bones  exhibited  very  well  m&rked  senile  osteoporosis' 
The  left  femur  was  very  characteristic,  and   there  was  an 
intra-capsular  fracture  of  the  right.     The  astragalus   could 
easily   be   broken   down    between    the    finger  and   thumb 
The  bones  of  the  skull  were  yellow,  fatty,  and  porous. 

Prof.  Humphry,  in  an  interesting  paper  on  these  depres- 
sions,' says  he  is  unable  to  tell  how  they  are  produced  •  he 
does  not  believe  they  are  caused  by  disease  or  accident,  and 
suggests  that  they  may  be  due  to  absorption  of  the  outer 
tables  of  the  skull,  but  remarks  "that  it   is  as  difficult  to 
know   why  absorption    should    attack   this   region    as  why 
deficiency  ot  formation  should  be  manifested  here."     Prof 
Humphry  has  seen  similar  depressions  in  the  skull  of   an 
ourang-outang,  and  also  in  an  infant.     In  the  case  I  have 
described  above  I  have  no  doubt  the  cause  was  senile  osteo- 
porosis ;  this  supposition  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that 
similar  depressions  existed  in  the  course  of  the  lambdoidal 
sutures,  and  that  all  the    bones  were   more  or  less   in   an 
advanced  state  of  osteoporosis.     The  lines  of  all  the  sutures 
had  become  ossified,  and  there  was  no  trace  of  the  serrations 
of  the  sagittal  or  lambdoidal.     The  coronal  could  be  fairly 
made  out.      It  is  strange  that  most,  if  not  all,  the  cases 
of  the  depressions  which  have  been  described  have  occur- 
red in  old  women.     I  have  elsewhere  «  reported  a  somewhat 
similar  case,  also  in  a  woman,  but  there  was   no   decided 
osteoporosis  present. 

CERVICAL   RIB. 

This  occurred  on  the  left  side  of  a  female  subject.     The 
nb  was  freely  movable,  and   possessed  a  head,  neck  and 

^  Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physiolo^',  vol    viii 
•Montreal  General  Hospital   Reports,  vol.  i./iSSo. 


ANATOMICAL    VARIATIONS.  3 

body.     Anteriorly  it  terminated  by  articulating  with  a  bony 
process  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  first  thoracic  rib.     The 
upper  surface  of  the  cervical  rib  was  grooved  for  the  verte- 
bral artery  and  seventh  cervical  nerve.     As   I   intend,  at 
some  future  time,  describing  this  case,  with  others  I  have 
notes  of,  I  shall  not  enter  into  further  details  at  present. 
OSSIFICATION  OF  THE  SACRO-ILIAC  ARTICULATION. 
This  rare  condition  was  observed  on  the  right  side  of  a 
female  pelvis ;  the  bony  union  was  only  at  the  upper  third 
of  the  joint;  the  lower  two-thirds   were   perfectly   normal 
and  coated  with  healthy  cartilage.     It  appeared  as  if  the 
transverse  processes  of  the  two  upper  pieces  of  the  sacrum 
were  fused  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  articular  surface  of  the 
ilium.      The    first   right   sacral    foramen    was   considerably 
larger  than  the  left,  but  the  right  half  of  the  first  two  pieces 
of  the  sacrum  appeared  somewhat  smaller  than  the  left.     It 
looked  ill-developed.     The  right  articular  facet,  which  artic- 
ulated with  the  fifth  lumbar  vertebra,  was  much  enlarged 
and  roughened,  and  looked  as  if  old  disease   might   have 
existed  there.     The  coccyx  was  completely  ossified  to  the 
sacrum,  and  consisted  of  five  pieces.      Ossification  of  the 
sacro-iliac    articulation    occurs    normally   in   some    of    the 

sloths.^ 

FUSION  OF  TIBIA  AND   FIBULA. 

This  occurred  in  the  left  leg  of  a  muscular  male  subject. 
The  lower  two  inches  of  the  tibia  and  fibula  were  fused 
together  as  in  many  of  the  lower  animals,  as,  for  instance, 

the  rabbit.     This  occurs  also  in  one  of  the  Primates the 

Tarsius,  as  a  normal  condition. 

THIRD  TROCHANTER  OF  THE  FEMUR. 

One  example  of  this  anomaly  presented.  It  is  homologous 
with  the  trochanter  tertius  of  some    of  the  lower  animals 

1  Prof.  Flower,  Lectures  on  (he  Edentata,  Brithh  Medical  Journal,  18S2. 


Ill 


*  FSAKCISJ.  SHEPHERD. 

(a.s,   for  example,   the   horse,  rhinocero,,   etc.),   and  gives 
attachment  to  the  gh,teus  maximum     When  it  occurs  i„ 

tTw '  /  "?.  '"■''  "''""  ""  «"^'  '"""•'"'"■    According 
o  Wa  deyer,.  ,t  occurs  in  man  quite  as  often  as  the  sup"a 

condyIo,c   process   of  the  humerus.     Furst»  found  th.a"  \ 

occurred    very  frequently.      In  ,„r,y  skeletons   of   Swedes 

examined  by  him  in  the  Caroline  In.stitu.e  of  Stockholm', 

fifteen  had  a  trochanter  tertius ;  and  in  six  skeletons  of  Lap! 


i  '^'- 


™^  r.      AB„OR„AUT,ES  OP  THE  D,GA,TR,c  A»D  0„0   HVOTD  MUSCLES 

landers  four  possessed  a  trochanter  tertius.     I  have  only 
seen  it  twrce  in  some  two  hundred  subjects. 

HVOGLOSSUS   MUSCLE,   AB.SENCE  OF   MIDDLE   PORTION. 

The  portion  of  this  muscle  arising  from  the  lesser  comu 
was  once  seen  wanting.    Between  the  portion  arising  from 


i'.,«rfjrA,..«SJ3^ja 


ANATOMICAL    VARIATIONS. 


5 


the  Rrcat  cornu  and  that  arising  from  the  body  was  an 
interval  where  the  lingual  artery  was  uncovered  by  muscle. 
In  some  of  the  lower  animals  each  portion  is  a  separate 
muscle,  which  might  explain  the  deficiency. 

ANTERIOR    IJELLV    OF     THE    OMO    HVOID     INSERTED    INTO 

THE   LOWER  JAW. 

In  this  case  the  anterior  belly  of  the  omo  hyoid  blended 
with  the  stcrno-hyoid,  and,  passing  up  over  the  hyoid  bone 
(to  which  it  gave  a  few  fibres)  and  the  digastric  muscle,  was 
mserted  into  the  lower  jaw  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  sym- 
physis.  (See  Fig.  I,  ^).  McWhinnic  {London  Medical 
Gazette,  1846)  mentions  a  similar  case.  I  have  once 
before  seen  this  unusual  insertion  of  omo  hyoid.  It 
occurred  on  both  sides  of  the  same  subject. 

TWO  ANTERIOR  BELLIES   TO   THE  DIGASTRIC. 
This  occurred  in  the  same  subject  and  on  the  same  side 
as  the  above-mentioned  omo  hyoid  variation.     The  anterior 
belly   divided  into  two,  one    of   which  was    inserted   into 
the  body  of  the  hyoid  bone,  and  the  other  was  inserted,  as 
usual,  mto  the  lower  jaw.     The  posterior  belly  ended  in  a 
tendinous  raph^,  from  each  side  of  which  muscular  fibres 
arose,  those  from  the  upper  part  being  inserted  into  the 
lower  jaw,  and  those  from  the  lower  passing  down  to  the 
hyoid  bone.     There  was  no  distinct  binding  down  to  the 
hyoid  bone  by  fascia  of  the  tendon.     (See  Fig.  i,  D\ 

MUSCULAR    SLIP    FROM    THE    MASTOID    PROCESS    TO    THE 
SERRATUS  POSTICUS  SUPERIOR. 

This  slip  was  noted  as  occurring  on  the  left  side  of  a 
muscular  male  subject.  It  arose  from  the  mastoid  process 
beneath  the  sterno-mastoid,  passed  over  the  splenius  capitis 
and  colli,  and  ended  by  a  tendinous  expansion  in  the  upper 
edge  of  the  serratus  posticus   superior  an    inch  from   the 


FRANCIS  J,  SHEPHERD. 

spinous  processes.     The  slip  „as  or  good  si.e,  measuring 
half  an  mcli  rn  breadth.  '' 

MUSCULAR  SUI.  FROM   ,,EVAr„K  AN,;UL,  .SCAPULA  TO  THE 

SKRRATUS   MAUNUS. 
This   occurred    in    .wo   subjects.      I„   one   .he   slip'  was 
double  one  portion  going  .o  be  inserted  into  the  first  rib 
belHnd  the  tubercle,  and  the  other  blending  with  the  first 
serration  of  the  serratus  magnus. 
On  one  occasion  a  slip  was  seen  passing  from  the  levator 
■     7"'-"?"'-  'o  the  rhomboideus  minor.     This  occurred 
on  both  sues  of  the  same  subject.     All  these  different  slips 
have  been  described  by  Prof.  Wood,,  and  are  considered  by 
h.m  to  be  varieties  and  modifications  of  the  occipito-scapular 
muscle,  winch  occurs  normally  in  many  of  the  lower  animaK 

STERNO-SCAPULAR   MUSCLE. 
This  muscle  was  noticed  on  the  right'  side  of  a  female 
subject.     It  arose  from  the  upper  border  of  the  scapula  and 
the  transverse  ligament  in  common  with   the  omo  hyoid 
passed  under  the  clavicle  and  over  the  axillao^  vessels  and 

o"fTV'       k"T'  '^'  ^°""'  ^"^^^"  into  the  cartilage 
o     he  first  nb.     The  right  subclavius  muscle  was  of  smfll 
s  ze.    This  muscle,  according  to  Prof.  Wood,»  occurs  norm- 
ally m  the  msectivora,  but  reaches  its  highest  development 
in  pachyderms  or  ruminants  as  the  elephant,  hippopotamus, 
P.g,  horse,  etc.,  and  it  sometimes  embodies  the  subclavius 
and  at  other  times  is  made  up,  by  the  union  at  the  imperfect 
clavicle  or  its  tendinous  representative,  of  a  sterno-clavicular 
and  scapulo-clavicular  element.     I  have  notes  of  four  cases 
occurring  in  two  hundred  and  twenty  subjects. 

PECTINEUS. 
On  the  left  side  of  a  male  subject  this  muscle  was  divided 
mto  two  by  a  distinct  intermuscular  septum.     The  inner 
»  Transactibnofthe  Philosophical  Society,  London,  1870 

LOC.  Clt, 


J 


J 


ANATOMICAL    VAIHATIONS.  9 

portion  was  supplied  by  a  branch  from  the  obturator  nerve, 
and  the  outer  by  a  branch  from  the  anterior  crural.  This 
is  the  normal  arrangement  in  some  of  the  lower  animals. 

SUPERNUMERARY    HEAD    TO  THE  QUADRICEI'.S    EXTENSOR 

MUSCLE. 

This  extra  head  arose  on  the  left  side  of  a  male  subject 
by  two  tendinous  slips,  one  of  which  had  its  origin  from  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  capsule  of  the  hip  joint,  the  other 
from  the  anterior  border  of  the  great  trochanter.  These 
two  slips  soon  united  and  formed  one  strong  tendon,  which 
passed  down  the  thigh  between  the  iliacus  and  the  tensor 
vaginae  femoris  lying  on  the  vastus  extcrnus,  about  the 
middle  of  the  thigh  it  became  muscular  and  passed  under 
the  rectus  femoris,  and  was  inserted  into  the  common  quad- 
riceps tendon.  The  muscular  belly  was  three  inches  in 
length. 

PLANTARIS,   TWO   HEADS. 
The  second  head  arose  by  fleshy  fiBres  from  the  posterior 
ligament  of  the  kwee  joint  and  the  outer  head  of  the  gas- 
trocnemius. 

BRACHIO-RADIALIS. 

This  muscle  was  seen  in  the  right  arm  of  a  male  subject 
It  arose   from  the  external  condyloid  ridge  above  the  supi- 
nator longus,  and  between   it  and  the  insertion  of  the  del- 
toid  ;  it  passed   down  internal  to  the  supinator  longus  and 
external  to  the  biceps,  and  over  the  supinator  brevis  to  be 
inserted  by  a  round  tendon  into  the  oblique  line   of  the 
radms   immediately   above   the   insertion   of  the  pronator 
radu  teres.      This  muscle  was  of  considerable  size.     Prof 
Wood  Mooks  upon  this  muscle  as  a  variety  of  fourth  head 
to  the  biceps.     In  the  same  arm  various  other  anomalies 
existed.     (2.)  A  tendinous  slip  passed  from  the  tendon  of 
Steeps  to  the  pronator  radii  teres.    It  was  given  olT  from  the 
'  Proceedings  of  Royal  Society.  London,  1868. 


Ill 


ff-i 


^  FRANCIS  J.  SHEPHERD. 

tendon  of  the  biceps  two  inches  from  its  insertion,  passed 
•  downwards  and  inwards  crossing  the  radial  artery,  joined  the 
pronator  about  the  junction  of  its  upper  and  middle  third 
(3.)  The  extensor  carpi  radialis  longior  and  brevior  arose 
together,  and  after  passing  down   the  forearm  for  a  short 
distance,  divided   into  three  slips,  two  of  which   united  to 
form  the  longior  tendon,  and  the  largest  formed  the  brevior 
The,r  msertion  was  normal.     (4.)  The  flexor  carpi  radialis 
had  two  heads  :  the  second  was  tendinous,  and  arose  from 
the  mner  side  of  .he  coronoid  process  below  the  pronator 
teres.     The  median   nerve  passed   between  the  two  heads 
<S.)  There  was  continuity  of  the  brachialis  anticus  with  the 
supmator  longus  by  a  muscular  slip.     This  occurs  normally 
in  apes  and  monkeys,  assisting  them  in  twisting  their  bodies 
when  hangmg  by  their  anterior  extremities.  1 

THE  INFERIOR   THYROID  ARTERY. 
This  artery  was  absent  in  the  right  side  of  a  female  sub- 
ject,  the  superior  thyroid  being  of  large  size.     In  the  same 
subject  the  right  vertebral  artery  entered  the  transverse  pro- 
cess of  the  third  cervical  vertebra. 

COMMON  ILIAC  ARTERIES. 
In  a  negress,  where  the  abdominal  aorta  divided  between 
the    fourth    and    fifth    lumbar    vertebra,    the   iliacs    were 
unusually  short,  measuring  only  2  cm.  (^  inch)  in  length 
guam,   m.  his  work  on  the  arteries,  mentions  one  similar 
case. 

HIGH  DIVISION  OF  THE  POPLITEAL. 
_  It  divided  opposite  the  posterior  ligament  of  the  knee 
joint  mto  two  branches-viz.,  the  posterior  tibial  and  a  com- 
mon trunk  for  the  anterior  tibial  and  peroneal  artery  The 
peroneal  artery  was  of  large  size.  This  is  'the  first  case  of 
nigh  division  I  have  met  with. 

>  Prof.   Wood,  Proceedings  of  Royal  Society.  London,  1866. 


ANATOMICAL    VARIATIONS.  q 

ABNORMAL  HEPATIC  VEINS. 
After  the  vena  cava  had  pierced  the  liver,  and  had  there 
been  joined  by  a  few  small  hepatic  veins,  principally  from 
the  left  lobe,  it  passed  on  as  usual  to  the  diaphragm;  just 
as  it  pi'erced  the  diaphragm  it  was  joined  by  a  large  vein, 
the  size  of  a  finger,  and  with  walls  as  thick  as  an  artery  of  like' 
size.  This  vein,  when  traced  back,  proved  to  be  a  common 
trunk  formed  by  two  large  hepatic  veins,  which  came  from 
the  right  lobe.  The  common  trunk  measured  an  inch  in 
length.    Hepatic  veins  have  been  seen  emptying  directly  into 


FIG.  2.       ABNORMAL    HEPATIC    VEINS. 

R,  Right  auricle  ;  D,  Line  of  the  diaphragm  •  Z»  Liver  •   v   v 
inferior  ;  H,  Abnormal  hepatic  veins.  '  ^  '   ^'  ^'""  "^^ 

the  right  auricle,  and  this  is  the  normal  arrangement  in  some 
of  the  lower  animals.  The  case  I  have  described  is  apparently 
an  mtermediate  stage  of  the  above-mentioned  variety  (See 
Fig.  2).  '      ^ 

THORACIC  DUCT. 

In  a  negress  the  thoracic  duct  had  the  following  course  • 

It  commenced,  as  usual,  from  the  receptaculum  chyli  then 

crossed  over  the  aorta  and  passed  through  the  aortic  opening 

of  the  diaphragm  to  the  left  side  of  the  artery,  continued  up 


Ill 


"R^^CISJ.  SHEPHEND    . 

'•40  c.  [j;:  i ;  zr:  ~r-  ■'  -  o„„ 

a.  .-ts  i„„..-o„  with  .he  ccecu^wa  '  X tsL;  "^  "^"■" 
'ng  as  this  of  the  opening  between  the  il.  f"""" 

«>ighteasi„gi.e„se  to  sl^JZ/'^lZl^.T'' 
not  seen  this  pent  noticed  by  writers  on  ITl  ' 

I  discovered  this  specimen,  ,  h'ave  ha     te    utX  to    " 
am.ne  some  dried  specimens  in  my  possession     o,,, 
measurements,  I  find  the  average  length  o  The  „  ' 

six  preparations  is  3.25  cm    andth.  '""'"«^  '" 

or  the  iienm  c,ose\o'  thTclV       ^f:  Thr^"" 
opening  is  3.80  cm,,   with  a  circmV  ^'■^^" 

8.^  cm.    The  s,.ort:stotni„r   »::"">:    ''"""    °' 
ence  of  ileum  6  cm.    So  it  seems  fZ  T'  """"  "'^"■"f"" 

that  in  normaicasesthere  s  a  prlr"^'"""'""'' 
circumference  of  the  ileum  and  t^CTf  T''"  '"' 
In  the  case  with  the  small   „  ,  ^^  °P'"''"g- 

not  exist,  as  the  iltmr  ^t^^i^  "°""°"  "'^ 

TABLE. 


Greatest  circumference  of  ileum,  I  8.70cm.  \\  Length  nf,.  I 

Smallest  Circumference  of  ileum.    6.L.     L„"    h  !  r^'^"''"^''  ^•5°^- 
Greatest  length  of  opening,         '  II  ^^"g^h  of  the. 


Smallest  length  of  opening, 


3.80  cm.     Circumference, 
2. 20  cm.     Circumference, 


opening,!  2.20cm, 


8. 60  cm. 
6,00  cm. 


mmmia 


mrr 


il  verte- 
»e  right 

M  AND 

ve  was 
s  only 

ileum 
irrow- 
colon 

have 
Since 

0  ex- 
iking 
ig  in 
ence 
■gest 

1  of 
ifer- 
ents 
the 
ing. 
did 


